The APA manual was first published in 1929 by the American Psychological Association, with the objective to establish consistent and rigorous standards for scientific communication, facilitating reading comprehension.
This presentation is based on the Manual of the American Psychological Association (7th Edition), a publication which offers a series of general guidelines for in-text citations and bibliographical references.
Publication manual of the American Psychological Association: the official guide to APA Style / American Psychological Association
Edição: 7th ed.
Publicação: Washington : APA, 2020
ISBN: 9781433832161
Cota: BF76.7.P83 2020
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The APA model follows the Author/Date logic, with these two elements being written at the beginning of both the in-text citations and the final reference lists.
How to insert citations in academic work
When writing an academic paper, it is common to use works by other authors to expand on the subject studied. Mentioning these works in the body of the text is called a citation, while listing these works at the end of the work is called a bibliography or bibliographical references.
Differences between a citation and bibliographical references. (APA – 7th ed.)
Citation: Mention in the body of the text.
Bibliographical references: List of the sources consulted.
Rules for in-text citations
A citation is an abbreviated way of referring in-text to other authors whose ideas, thoughts, or excerpts are relevant to the carrying out of a research project. The objective is to provide a theoretical basis for the work, indicating the exact location in the source and establishing an unequivocal relationship between the citation and the bibliographic reference.
In-text citation rules in compliance with the APA 7th ed. bibliographic style
1- In-text citation follows an established order:
Author's surname, year of publication and, in the case of a direct quotation, the page number.
Examples:
(Silva, 2023, p. 36)
(Madureira, 2020)
(See Madureira, 2020 for more detail)
2 - Narrative citation:
In this form, the author appears in the text and the date is indicated in brackets immediately after the author's name.
Example:
Silva (2019) described the main economic factors that influence inflation.
Three main methods for writing citations:
I. Direct (transcribing):
Reproducing the author's words exactly.
II. Indirect (Paraphrased):
Rephrasing the author's ideas in your own words.
III. Citing a citation:
Making reference to a quote that was mentioned in another source.
I. Direct citation
In accordance with the guidelines of the APA, the following rules apply for these cases, depending on the length of the transcribed text:
Short direct citation
A quotation of less than 40 words should be incorporated into the text and placed in inverted commas.
Rule:
When writing the text, the citation should be written as follows: ‘text transcribed from the consulted document’ (Author's surname, Year, p. xxx or pp. xxx-xxx).
Example:
“Money is not an invention of the state. It is not the product of a legislative act. Even the sanction of political authority is not necessary for its existence” (Menger, 1950, pp. 261-262)
Alternative:
Another way of in-the text citation is to write: Author's surname (year) ‘text transcribed from the consulted document’ (p. xxx ou pp. xxx-xxx).
Example:
Kotler (2016) "Marketing is the science and art of exploiting, creating, and delivering value to satisfy the needs of a target market at a profit" (p. 34).
Long direct citation
Long direct quotation refers to the literal transcription of a text of more than 40 words.
The transcription must be detached from the main text with a left margin indent of 0.5 inches (1.27 cm) for all lines, with double spacing between lines.
If two or more paragraphs are transcribed, the first word of the second and subsequent paragraphs must be advanced an additional 0.5 inches (1.27 cm).
The page (p.) or page range (pp.) must be indicated.
No inverted commas should be used.
Subsequent lines must be indented in the same way.
Rule:
The text being written in the work.
The text transcribed from the original consulted document with 40 words or more (Author's surname, Year, p. xxx or pp. xxx-xxx).
Example:
The text being written in the work.
The labour theory of value, as presented by Adam Smith and David Ricardo, posits that the value of a good is determined by the amount of labour needed to produce it. This theory was later refined by Karl Marx, who argued that the value of a good is determined not only by the labour needed to produce it, but also by the labour needed to reproduce the labour power used to produce the good. Marx highlighted the exploitation of labour power as a central feature of capitalism, arguing that the additional value created by workers is appropriated by capitalists as profit.
In contrast, the marginalist theory of value, developed by economists such as William Stanley Jevons, Carl Menger, and Léon Walras, suggests that the value of a good is determined by the marginal value or the marginal utility that the good provides to the consumer. This approach emphasises the subjectivity of value and the importance of individual preferences in determining the price of goods on the market. (Smith, 1776, pp. 45-46)
Alternative
The text being written in the work.
Author's surname (year), the text transcribed from the document consulted in 40 words or more (p. xxx or pp. xxx-xxx)
Example:
Drucker (1999) affirms that:
Effective leadership is fundamental to the success of an organisation. According to Peter Drucker, one of the leading thinkers in modern management, ‘the leader's job is to lead people, and the leader's job is to make decisions.’ This approach highlights the importance of the leader's role in setting the direction of the organisation and motivating employees to achieve common goals.
In addition, in his book ‘Leading Change’, John Kotter, points out that the ability to lead change is crucial to the survival and growth of organisations in today's dynamic business environment. He argues that effective leaders must be able to communicate a clear vision, mobilise staff, and overcome resistance to change in order to successfully implement new strategies and initiatives. (pp. 32-33)
II. Indirect citation
When expressing the ideas of other authors in one’s own words, without using exactly the same words as them, an INDIRECT CITATION is being made
This form of citation is the most common throughout a document, as it enables one to rewrite the authors' ideas according to one’s own context and style.
After reading and analysing a document, it is essential to convey the author's knowledge in our own text, whilst always giving due credit to the author being cited.
Rule:
According to the APA, 7th edition, the transmission of knowledge from the authors of the documents consulted must always be accompanied by a citation, i.e., a reference in the text to the author's surname, year of publication, and location (pages).
Note:
In indirect citations, there is no need to provide a page or a paragraph number. However, it can be useful to include this information to help the reader locate the quoted passage in a long text.
Example:
According to Henry Mintzberg, management is a multifaceted practice that encompasses a variety of roles and activities. Mintzberg suggests that managers play interpersonal, informational and decision-making roles, which vary according to the specific needs and requirements of each situation. This approach highlights the complexity and dynamics inherent in the management function in contemporary organisations. (Mintzberg, 1973)
III. Citation of a citation
When referring to original documents for which there has been no direct access to, but having read other (secondary) documents, one is in effect making a citation of a citation. This type of citation is governed by the following rule:
Rule:
To make a citation of citation, indicate the Author (original document), followed by the information that needs to be highlighted, preceded by the expression ‘as cited in’, followed by the surname of the author of the document consulted and the Year.
Example:
Smith stated in his book ‘Principles of Modern Economics’ that ‘the efficient allocation of resources is essential for sustainable economic growth’ (as quoted in Johnson, 2018).
Note:
It is important to emphasise that APA discourages the use of secondary sources, unless the original work is not available.
In the list of bibliographical references, only the source that has been consulted directly should be included.